NEW YEAR AND ITS ATTRIBUTES IN SOVIET AND POST-SOVIET TEXTBOOKS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF ARMENIA AND RUSSIA)
DOI: 10.23951/2312-7899-2018-1-10-33
The article describes both the transformation and the invariance of the “New Year” holiday and of its attributes. The empirical material of the study was the textbooks published in Soviet and post-Soviet Armenia and Russia. The choice of the empirical material was determined by the consideration that textbooks, especially the ones published in totalitarian and authoritarian states, are the indicators of political change since the education system is the most dependent upon the political field. The analysis of the empirical material testified to the fact that in the selected texts Santa Claus manifests itself in multiple roles: the evil, Frost punisher, the gift-giver, the wise old man who knows the cyclic order of seasons, the bearer of folk wisdom, the demiurge, and the one fulfilling the function of decoration of winter nature. The Snow Maiden in the educational materials of the Soviet and post-Soviet era is represented in the framework of folklore and is the “background” character of Santa Claus. In the educational materials of the Soviet era, the New Year tree decorations are featured as animals without any ideological value. Gastronomic decorations-gifts in the Soviet era were utilitarian in their nature and were the signs of “abundance” of the epoch; they were given to children as gifts for holidays. New Year tree decorations of the post-Soviet era are mainly visualized in the style of minimalism and in geometric shapes. The most distinctive feature of the post-Soviet textbooks is the presence of vividly expressed Christian motifs in the Armenian textbooks and their absence in the Russian textbooks.
Keywords: New Year, Santa Claus, Snow Maiden, New Year tree decoration, New Year tree, Christmas tree as a kind of holiday, holiday and leaders of the proletariat, Soviet textbooks, post-Soviet textbooks, microhistory
References:
Babayan et al. 2002 – Babayan T. A., Eghiazaryan M. A., Lalaliants S. G. Russian language. Textbook for the 4th grade of the general education school. Yerevan, 2002. In Russian.
Bagdasaryan et al. 1990 – Baghdasaryan N. B., Bayburtian N. A., Geodakyan I. M. Russian language: Textbook for the third grade of the eleven-year Armenian school. Yerevan, 1990. In Russian.
Bayburtyan et al. 1984 – Bayburtyan N. A., Geodakyan I. M., Korneichuk S. I. Russian language. Тextbook for the preparatory class of the Armenian school and preparatory groups for Armenian kindergartens. Yerevan, 1984. In Russian.
Bezrogov, Markarova 2014 – Bezrogov V. G., Markarova T. S. Stable, Variable, Historical. “The Beginning of children’s education”. The Role of the Book for Primary Education in the History of Education and Culture. Ed. by V. G. Bezgorov, T. S. Markarova. Moscow, 2014. P. 5–8. In Russian.
Bunakov 1907 – Bunakov N. F. At school and at home. Part 1: Second year of study. Moscow, 1907. In Russian.
Buneev, Buneeva 2005 – Buneev R. N., Buneeva E. V. In one happy childhood. A book for reading in the 3rd grade. Part 2. Moscow, 2005. In Russian.
Clarke 2002 – Clark K. Soviet novel: history as a ritual. Transl. into Russian. Ekaterinburg, 2002.
Dubrovskaya 2014 – Dubrovskaya E. A. Waiting for a miracle: preparing for the New Year. Preschooler. Methods and practice of Education and Training. 2014. 6. P. 59–64. In Russian.
Dushechkina 2003 – Dushechkina E. Legend of the man who gave the tree to Soviet children. Otechestvennye Zapiski [Patriotic Notes]. 2003. 1. URL: http://magazines.russ.ru/oz/2003/1/2003_01_28.html In Russian.
Efrosinina 2006 a – Efrosinina L. A. Literary reading. Educational reader for students of the 2nd grade of general educational institutions. Moscow, 2006. In Russian.
Efrosinina 2006 b – Efrosinina L. A. Literary reading. 2nd class: Textbook for pupils of general educational institutions. Part 1. Moscow, 2006. In Russian.
Fedienko 2015 – Fedienko V. V. The ABC “Chitaika”. Moscow, 2015. In Russian.
Golovanova et al. 1999 – Golovanova M. V., Goretskii V. G., Klimanova L. F. Russian language: A Textbook for primary school. Book 3. Part 2. Moscow, 1999. In Russian.
Golovanova et al. 2003 – Golovanova M. V., Goretsky V. G., Sharapova O. Yu. The Russian word plus. Moscow, 2003. In Russian.
Goretsky et al. 1984 – Book for reading: Textbook for class 1. Ed. by V. G. Goretsky, L. F. Klimanova, L. K. Piskunova. Moscow, 1984. In Russian.
Goretsky, Sharapova 2003 – Goretsky V. G., Sharapova O. Yu. Russian ABC plus. Moscow, 2003. In Russian.
Granik, Soboleva 2003 – Granik G. G., Soboleva O. V. Journey to the Land of the Book. St. Petersburg, 2003. In Russian.
Heinze, Heinze 2014 – Heinze C., Heinz K. Educational conceptualization of the idea “national unity” in the primer era of National Socialism on the example of Adolf Hitler’s image (the prospects of studying methods). Transl. into Russian. “The Beginning of children’s education”. The Role of the Book for Primary Education in the History of Education and Culture. Ed. by V. G. Bezgorov, T. S. Markarova. Moscow, 2014. P. 324–342.
Jivanian 2016 – Jivanian A. In the garden of bewitched souls. The Theoretical questions of children’s literature. Yerevan, 2016. In Armenian.
Karapetyan 1960 – Karapetyan T. The ABC-book for Armenian schools. Yerevan, 1960. In Russian.
Khanipova 2012 – Khanipova I. I. “Long live the New Soviet Year” (The politicization of the New Year tree in Soviet Russia). Gasyrlar Avaza – Echo of Ages. 2012. № 3–4. P. 224–232. In Russian.
Klimanova et al. 2010 – Klimanova L. F., Goretskii V. G., Golovanova M. V. Literary reading. The 2nd grade. Moscow, 2010. In Russian.
Kononov 1944 – Kononov A. T. The New Year tree in Sokolniki. 1944. URL: http://revolucia.ru/kononov1.htm In Russian.
Korneichuk et al. 1974 – Korneichuk S. I., Markaryan Z. S., Aristakesyan A.G. The ABC-book for the 2nd grade of the Armenian school. Yerevan, 1974. In Armenian.
Kostakov 2016 – Kostakov M. M. Lesson scenario “New Year” for primary school. Foreign languages for schools. 2016. 11. P. 15–17. In Russian.
Kruglova, Savras 2010 – Kruglova T. A., Savras N. V. New Year as a festive ritual of the Soviet era. Izvestia. Ural Federal University Journal. Series 2. Humanities and Arts. 2010. 2 (76). P. 5–14. In Russian.
Kurkchyan, Ter-Grigoryan 1996 – Kurkchyan A., Ter-Grigoryan L. ABC-book for the first class. Yerevan, 1996. In Armenian.
Kurkchyan, Ter-Grigoryan 2010 a – Kurkchyan A., Ter-Grigoryan L. ABC-book. Yerevan, 2010. In Armenian.
Kurkchyan, Ter-Grigoryan 2010 b – Kurkchyan A., Ter-Grigoryan L. Armenian langauge. 2nd class. Yerevan, 2010. In Armenian.
Lykova 2015 – Lykova I. Design in the kindergarten: on the eve of the holiday. Hoop. Education: child and student. 2015. 6. P. 20–22. In Russian.
Markarova, Bezrogov 2011 – “The Primer is a Hammer”: Textbooks for an elementary school at the dawn of Soviet power. 1917–1932. Collection of papers and materials. Ed. by T. S. Markarova, V. G. Bezgorova. Moscow, 2011. In Russian.
Medvedeva 2008 – Medvedeva M. A. Analysis of the ideal components of the holiday “New Year”. Analysts of Cultural Studies. 2008. 12. P. 59–62. In Russian.
Mkrtchyan 2016 – Mkrtchyan S. Christmas in the Soviet era (Bolshevik Period, 1920–1930). Yerevan State University. Yearbook. Collection of scientific articles. Vol. XI. Yerevan, 2016. P. 216–224. In Russian.
Ramazayeva 2010 – Ramazayeva T. G. The Russian language. 1st class. Moscow, 2010. In Russian.
Rozhkov 2014 – Rozhkov A. Yu. The Immunization of “Sovietness”: North Caucasian ABC-book as a translator of ideology (1927–1932). “The Beginning of children’s education”. The Role of the Book for Primary Education in the History of Education and Culture. Ed. by V. G. Bezgorov, T. S. Markarova. Moscow, 2014. P. 277–307. In Russian.
Rozhkov 2017 – Rozhkov A. Yu. Visual images of “Sovietness” in ABC-book of 1920s and 1930s: content, structure, dynamics. St. Tikhon’s University Review. Series IV: Pedagogy. Psychology. 2017. 45. P. 57–72. In Russian.
Shapovalov 2015 – Shapovalov S. N. Reorganization of the Soviet holiday calendar in the 1945–1950’s. Society: Philosophy, history, culture. 2015. 1. P. 35–37. In Russian.
Shmakov et al. 2015 – Shmakov S. I. Fokina E. V, Visochina E.V., Prudnikova N. A. The planning theme week of “Season – Winter”. Teaching skills and pedagogical technologies. 2015. 4 (6). P. 184–191. In Russian.
Shorokhova 2014 – Shorokhova O. A. Development of the scenario of entertainment for older children “In the Palace of Father Frost”. Pedagogical experience: theory, methodology, practice. 2014. 1. P. 259–262. In Russian.
Simian 2018 – Simyan T. S. Transformation of New Year celebration in Armenia and Russia (the experience of historical description). Ideas and Ideals. 2018. 1 (35). Vol. 2. In Russian.
Simyan, Kacane 2018 – Simyan T., Kacane I. Transformations of New Year Celebration in the Soviet and Post-Soviet Era (on the example of Armenian and Latvian Material). Feast as a Mirror of Social and Cultural Changes. UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2018. (Forthcoming)
Stürmer 2014 – Stürmer B. Primers in East Germany (1945–1990): Historical context among the criteria for analyzing the content of school Textbooks. Transl. into Russian. “The Beginning of children’s education”. The Role of the Book for Primary Education in the History of Education and Culture. Ed. by V. G. Bezgorov, T. S. Markarova. Moscow, 2014. P. 343–362.
Vakhterov, Vakhterova 1907 – Vakhterov V. P., Vakhterova E. O. The World in stories for children. Moscow, 1907. In Russian.
Yeritspohova 2015 – Yeritspohova M.A. Unusual New Year scenario in the senior group of the kindergarten. Teaching skills and pedagogical technologies. 2015. 2 (4). P. 289–292. In Russian.
Yesadjanyan, Hanzratyan 2008 – Esadjanyan B. M., Khanzratyan V. M. The Sun: Textbook for pupils of the 3rd grade of general education schools. Yerevan, 2008. In Armenian.
Yesadzhanyan, Balasanyan 2014 – Esadjanian B. M., Balasanyan L. G. The Rainbow: A Textbook for the 3rd grade of the main school. Yerevan, 2014. In Armenian.
Yesadzhanyan, Bayburtyan 1991 – Esadjanyan B. M., Bayburutyan N. A. Russian language for the fourth grade of the eleven-year Armenian school. Yerevan, 1991. In Armenian.
( 1.02 MB ) 
( 1.01 MB )
Issue: 1, 2018
Series of issue: Issue 1
Rubric: ARTICLES
Pages: 10 — 33
Downloads: 1608