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| 51 | The paper is devoted to research of the problem of forming of a territory image (country, region, city) through an innovation potential of the universities in its borders. In the paper the system of key state measures for support of the image of an innovation state is analyzed. Innovation educational environment and forming of the system of the bearing innovation universities are considered in the aspect of the effectiveness of positioning of the universities and the territories which they represent. The universities are researched both a significant innovation subject for formation of Russian innovation economics and an instrument for positioning of innovation inland and in the global world Keywords: innovation university, innovation instrument, positioning of innovation, image of territory | 526 | |||||
| 52 | This paper presents a prospects of new methodology for social and philosophical research of fashion on the example of the french semiotics of the passions of A.J. Greimas and J. Fontanille. The reception of their ideas shows the ways of future possibilities of investigations in the sphere of fashion and the fashionable consciousness. The thematization of the concept of the passion will make it possible the presentation of subject of fashion as the configuration of different emotional experience, which influences on choice of subject. The position of A.J. Greimas and J. Fontanille is analysed as the methodological base for description the structure of mind and discurse. Keywords: fashion, semiotics of the passions, A. J. Greimas, J. Fontanille, thymus, subject of fashion | 524 | |||||
| 53 | There is a problem of emotional fatigue of society in the modern city that was caused by plenty of visual information. In this paper author analyzes the characteristics of visual perception of urban environment: apathy, irritability, anger, scopophilia and phenomenon of the clipped look. Repressive advertisement makes some problems, which author proposes to solve by visual ecology. Keywords: urban space, image, media, emotional fatigue, scopophilia, evolution of perception, visual aggression, advertisement, visual ecology | 518 | |||||
| 54 | All epochs creates their own symbols which become sociocultural events. These events occur after the visual symbolism, understood and recognized by people of a particular epoch, was expressed in a discursive form. Each sociocultural time characterizes the predominance of either visual symbolism or verbal symbolism but the forthcoming change of the epochs diagnoses the accent transfer from one symbolism to another. The correspondences between actions of three modern technologies – bioethics, urban planning, and cognitive management – are presented in this paper. These correspondences are established here on the basis of the “ignoramus paradox”. The essence of the paradox is the fate of ignoramus is guaranteed to everyone in the society of knowledge. The paradox manifests the situation in which each professional becomes an expert in a single area of knowledge while staying helpless as an ignoramus in all the rest areas but living in modern society requires a special awareness to navigate in a complex reality. These three modern technologies protect an ignoramus: knowledge management protects the intellectual freedom of specialist; urban planning – the rights of urban communities; bioethics – individuality. On basis of information models, the task of knowledge management in urban planning is specified and a role of verbal symbolism of bioethics in finding the “semiotic attractor” of urban planning was established. Keywords: the “ignoramus paradox”, bioethics’ symbolism, visual symbolism, urban planning, equifinality, heterotopy | 516 | |||||
| 55 | In 2007, the author of this article published the studies on the origin of Old Russian hipped-roof architecture. Since then the author has received many letters on this theme from colleagues, this issue was widely discussed at scientific conferences and in Internet. In 2012 the author’s book “Typological forming and basic classification of Old Russian Church architecture” was published, and some additional considerations about the origin of hipped-roof architecture were issued there. In general, the author’s position on this theme did not change, but some problems required clarification and expansion of argumentation. On the basis of analysis of new architectural and archaeological data and chronicle information, the issues of the origin of Old Russian hippedroof architecture are systematically considered. The low probability of direct origin of Russian hipped-roof architecture from Western European Gothic is shown, since tower-like, hipped-ceiling and relatively small area of the main volume of temples are not typical for Gothic architecture. The inconsistency of theories of the origin of Old Russian hipped-roof architecture from the Romanesque and Eastern architecture are also shown. In previous studies on stone hipped-roof architecture, the author of this article cited a number of provisions showing its origin from Old Russian wooden architecture. In this work they are expanded and structured. The wide spread of the hipped-roof churches in Old Russian wooden architecture before the first stone hipped-roof temple is shown. The hypothesis about the origin of not only stone, but also wooden hipped-roof architecture of Old Russia is put forward: the wooden hipped-roof was a “simplified form” of the dome, which was canonically conditioned and obligatory in the stone Orthodox Church architecture during the whole history of the Old Russian architecture, since the 10th century. Having shown the widespread, canonical and constructive conditionality of hippedroofs in wooden architecture earlier than the beginning of the 16th century, the author proves that the first hipped-roof stone church came from wooden hipped-roof architecture, not from any Gothic, Romanesque, Eastern and any other foreign sources, and reconstructs the specific circumstances of its appearance in the early 16th century. In previous studies on the origin of Russian stone hipped-roof architecture, the author’s position was that it came only from wooden architecture. But in this article the author shows influence of Old Russian pillarless stone dome churches, which, though few in number, were built during the entire previous history of Russian architecture. The main conclusion of this article is the following: Old Russian stone hipped-roof architecture became the organic continuation of the previous national architectural tradition. That tradition included hipped-roof wooden architecture, stone domed churches and the wide range of connections with world architecture. The article also proposes general principles for the determination of the origin of architectural forms. It is shown that such issues should be solved only in comprehensive manner, as these forms could be generated by talent of architects, artistic taste of customers, the progress of construction equipment, changes in aesthetic preferences of society, ideology, influence of other countries, cultures and styles, and many other factors, up to purely utilitarian ones. A certain role here could be played by financial, human and constructive limitations which led to non-standard solutions. Keywords: Old Russian architecture, hipped-roof architecture, wooden architecture, Gothic, Renaissance, architectural forms, construction | 515 | |||||
| 56 | Sociocultural transformations caused by the active development of convergent and biomedical technologies manifest themselves in changes in visual symbolism. The rapidly developing biomedical technologies have resulted to the fact that on the one side maintaining of the vital functions in a human can implemented for quite a long time, on the other side a person acquires a certain power over death and can choose the time, place and method of leaving the life. Because these technologies are connected with convergent technologies, they cover a wide range of spheres of a person life. This is the sociocultural transformation that is so obvious and unprecedented, it is impossible to overlook them. Bioethics become a sociocultural response to the biomedical technologies development. Bioethics is intended for protect the individual. So the changes in the symbolism are able to fix objectives of bioethics, that allows talk about designing of a desired future. In this regard, the reference to visualization of symbols euthanasia in modern mass media allows to achieve its goals in bioethics. Keywords: biomedical technologies, bioethics, euthanasia, synergetic, attractor, sociocultural transformations | 510 | |||||
| 57 | The article consists of three interrelated parts. The first one establishes promising visual anthropology’s future in light of expanding anthropological theory. The second part defines the functioning of visual anthropology and emphasizes the creation of pointed specific screen materials – a medium between specified culture and viewing public. Moral responsibility seems the important attribute that determines a very visual-anthropology function during all stages. The third part attempts to reveal connections between the structure of visual messages regarding anthropology substance and general modern worldview. Keywords: Visual Anthropology, documentary film, moral responsibility of anthropologist, cultures’ dialog | 506 | |||||
| 58 | The article examines the impact of changes in the culture of Western Europe during the Renaissance on the Russian culture. The content of this influence is called the changes in the Russian religious consciousness, which had the result of reduction in the authority of the Church hierarchy. The reason for this decrease of the authority referred to changes in the concept of divine energies. In this regard we consider the content of discussions about Tabor light and characterize two main positions in this debate. Changes in perceptions of the divine energies have led to changes in the perceptions of the icon. On a material of icon apology of John Damascene discusses the differences between an icon and an idol. The end of the article is a presentation of opinion of Dionysius the Areopagite on the church hierarchy as an icon of the Heavenly hierarchy. Keywords: culture, Renaissance, Orthodoxy, paganism, icon, idol. | 506 | |||||
| 59 | In this article a question of finding appropriate methodological principles of myth analysis in philosophy is raised. “Mythic” is an ambivalent dynamic phenomenon of culture and a structural unit of consciousness and self-consciousness experience. The distinction’s strategy reveals a complex structural dynamics of myth; it combines post-metaphysical modifications of phenomenology, hermeneutics and semiotics. How to define “Myth” in a variety of theoretical models? The Myth in the article is designed as an ontological structure of consciousness experience and as a transcendental imagination, that is used to open a “prototype of existence” and generate formers of every practice of interpretation of objective reality. Myth is not static category but dynamic principle of understanding. It causes difficulties of identification and explanation of nature and functions of myth. A mythological consciousness is neither a rudiment of primitive phase of phylogenetic development of consciousness, nor a chaotic or irrational production of imagination. The mythological consciousness is specified, first of all, by syncretism, involvement of propositional, normative and expressive meanings of experience. At the second place it is also specified by undifferentiated phenomena of contemplation, experience and thinking. All phenomena are united in discourse and actions. And at the third place it’s specified by absence of critical-reflexive position towards these elements of experience. “Myth” as an experience of understanding and a fact couldn’t be reduced to “Mythology” as a systematization of narratively arranged myths. Different levels of mythological discourse and thinking connected with processes of demythologization and remythologization. Keywords: myth, mythological consciousness, distinction, experience, communication | 501 | |||||
| 60 | The author offers for readers a review of the recently published book by Oleg Voskoboynikov “Millennial Kingdom” (Moscow, 2014). The methodology, based on which the author of the monograph investigates of European culture of the Middle ages, is considered. The specificity of the organization of the text is defined: the combination of encyclopedic knowledge and the author’s narrative. It is shown how the author of reviewed book interprets the meaning and function of the middle Ages artworks, regularly emphasizing the relationship of visual images with the fundamental characteristics of human existence and human consciousness. Actuality of Voskoboynikov’s book is argued in terms of the development of art history and in the field of modern methodology of the human sciences. Keywords: anthropology, semiotics, history of culture, fine arts, Middle Ages, monograph, book review | 499 | |||||
| 61 | The article is devoted to the analysis of visual in the ancient literature, which the researchers consider the forerunner of the development of the visuality of the Renaissance and New Times. The purpose of the article is to study the architectural ekphrasis in Ovid’s poem “Metamorphoses”. The object of the study are descriptions of the palace of Phoebus (Regia Solis) and the Philemon and Baucis hut, converted into a temple (Tectum Philemonis et Baucidis). Ekphrasis Regia Solis, being a translation of the visual code into a verbal one, appears in the text of the poem on the border between the world of people and gods, pointing to a mix of real and unreal life. The image of the architectural object appears gradually, as the young Phaethon approaches the place of sunrise (ortus). The semantics of the word ‘ortus’ allows us to assert that the ekphrastic description not only reconstructs the model of the author’s reality, but also is the beginning, the birth of a new reality. Description of the house of Philemon and Baucis is a folded ekphrasis, does not contain a detailed representation, it is used as a motivation, a generalized image, characteristic of the temples of ancient culture. The architectural ekphrasis appears in the process of metamorphosis and also constructs a new reality. The parameters of this new reality, framed by conditional ekphrasis boundaries, are considered in the article. Keywords: visual, ekphrasis, Ovid, “Metamorphoses”, ancient literature | 492 | |||||
| 62 | This paper deals with an interpretative experiment, in which two images compare with an idea formulated by American historian of science Lorraine Daston. According to Daston, in the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, scientific observation was theorized and its wide dissemination led to the formation of a veritable empire of observation. Two images in question are The Ambassadors by Hans Holbein the Younger (1533) and the frontispiece to Carolus Linnaeus’s Hortus Cliffortianus (1748), designed and executed by Jan Wandelaar. The main issue is what these can tell us about the empire of observation as a politico-epistemological assemblage (practices, procedures, techniques of representation, modes of description, institutions, selves and styles of life), assuming that such an assemblage represented and legitimated itself not only by various types of discourse, but through visual representations. The Ambassadors by Hans Holbein through its visual order documented (beyond their numerous enigmas) the moment in history of Europe when the political apparatus began to constitute itself as an apparatus of observation. In this context, the ambassador (as a sovereign’s representative) is first of all an observer. Particular attention is paid to the terrestrial globe, depicted on Holbein’s picture, as a mechanism of synoptic vision and totalizing representation, serving concurrently as an epistemological instrument and as an instrument of political domination. In contrast to the seemingly realistic manner of Holbein’s The Ambassadors, Wandelaar’s frontispiece exploits mythological motifs and plots, which however refer to real aspects of the empire of observation: to Europe as a geographical zone of appropriation and consumption, organized by nonequivalent exchanges, but also as a privileged territory of epistemological accumulation, and to the space of observation as an ordered space. In conclusion it is stated that these two images, despite their complex symbolic and allegorical structure, reflect the factual modes of knowledge and epistemological regimes whose formation and consolidation they supported. Keywords: botanic garden, empire of observation, globe, Hans Holbein the Younger, Jan Wandelaar, map, observation, politico-epistemological regime, space of observation, visual representation | 480 | |||||
| 63 | In this article, I continue the study of sacred topics of Russian cities. Comparison of syntactic functions and dedication’s semantics of St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev and Constantinople is made in the article. The semantic link between the Old Testament character of God’s Wisdom and the composition of city in Eastern Christianity is picked. I revealed the fundamental idea which lies in the base of the town planning: the supernatural protection exerted to the city in response to his dedication to God. This dedication is visually expressed in the sacred complex consisting of the cathedral as an urban dominant and the gates in the city wall. I made a distinction between two meanings of the concept of Wisdom in Scripture and Tradition: 1) as a direct naming the person and 2) as the description of the name content. On this basis, I made a comparative analysis of the “sophia’s” icons, and I realized their general classification. The semantic analogy between the sacral dominants of Jerusalem, Constantinople and Kiev is demonstrated. It is proved that the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople has the same dedication as the Holy Sepulcher (Anastasis) of Jerusalem. On this basis, I conclude synonymy of these cathedrals, along with the identity of their syntactic positions in the urban text. Keywords: visual semiotics, Eastern Christianity, city, sacred architecture, visual organization of space, St. Sophia Cathedral, syntax, semantics, iconography, cultural semiotic transfer | 479 | |||||
| 64 | The article considers harmony between the city and the man, city identity and human scale of the city. It is noted that imperativeness of the thesis about the person as a measure of all things is presented in harmony between the city and the man. The influence of collective memory and practices of commemoration on collective identity, including city identity, is shown. The article suggests a methodology for exploring the city. City ideals, myths and metaphors make it possible to comprehend the spiritual culture of the city, social practices and options for their citizens living strategies. It seems that the city identity is formed on the basis of the harmony between the city and the man: the mutual correspondence of the subjects of interaction – man and city. The material and, in part, social aspects of harmony are reflected in the professional activities of architects and urban planners, the spiritual aspects of the harmony of the city and man are the subject of philosophical analysis. The article proposes a methodology for investigating the proportionality of a city and a person, based on an analysis of objectified forms of city culture – urban ideals, myths and metaphors. Objectivized forms of city culture are found in the texts, activities and behavior of people. The city ideal is concretized and justified in the myth. The ideal and myth reflect the phenomenon of the city in its integrity, in the unity of essence and phenomenon. The aspiration to the laconic expression of the essence of the city finds its expression in the city metaphor. The problems of formation of the harmony of the city and man are demonstrated on the analysis of objectified forms of city culture of Omsk. The leading city ideals of Omsk (the imperial ideal and the ideal of an industrial city), the basic myths (city-fortress, White capital, eschatological mythological motives), city metaphors (variations of metaphor ‘city-garden’) are singled out. The current migration patterns of citizens, discursively expressed in the Internet space in the form of the Internet meme ‘Do not try to leave Omsk’ and the artificially constructed hashtag ‘# I stay’ are analyzed. The limited nature of the communicative potential of the artificial structure is explained by its inconsistencies with the personal narratives of the citizens and the lack of commitment in the city culture of Omsk. The example of the city of Omsk demonstrates the specificity of the identification processes of citizens: social ambivalence and conflictual city discourse. It is concluded that negative city identity predominates. Keywords: city, harmony between the city and the man, city identity, urban ideals, myths and metaphors, migration patterns | 479 | |||||
| 65 | In the paper necessity of usage of visual approach to teaching course of bioethics is proved. It is caused by specific of teaching bioethics to first-year students of Medicinal university. Between different forms of visual means used at this course author especially notes the importance of films. Keywords: bioethics, visual means, cinematography, cases of conscience, individuality | 478 | |||||
| 66 | The problem of the semiotic correlation of body and clothes from the point of view of the implementation of power in interpersonal communication is investigated in this paper. The main functions of clothes – adaptation, identification, sovereignization and manipulation – are reviewed in the text. It is shown that the clothes acquire inverse character by manipulating; at the same time it become in means of influence and aggression’s tool, in the method of the conquest of another’s will. The body which is opened by means of clothes becomes a tradable commodity, and the way to move goods market, activating the mechanisms of seduction. In this context, a problem of women’s emancipation is formulated in a new way. Besides, themes of “scattered” power and semiotic mechanisms of its implementation in the culture are investigated. Semiotics of power implies, however, not only the direct but also the inverse power vector: clothes can express the internalization of norms and exteriorization of personal existential positions. Therefore, clothes are at the intersection of semantics and pragmatics. The vector of power, which is not only expressed, but also carried out through clothing in her relationship with the dressed / undressed body, depends on the fundamental pragmatic presupposition: either it is a vector of violence and the subordination of the will of others, or it is a vector of retention of their own and other people’s privacy norm, of self-organization and self-management norm. Keywords: visual anthropology, visual semiotics, dress, power, manipulation, norm, visual expression, privacy border | 474 | |||||
| 67 | Comparative analysis of the relation of contemplation and communion as two fundamental activities in the field of religious experience is performed in ontological, theological and historico-philosophical aspects. It is shown that the dominance of one or the other of these activities is the key structural characteristics of spiritual practices and traditions. In the prism of this relation, the relation of hesychasm (including hesychast theology of Divine energies by Palamas) and neoplatonism is reconsidered and new arguments demonstrating the radical divergence of these two spiritual schools are brought forth. The phenomenon of contemplation of the Light of Tabor in the higher stages of hesychast practice is interpreted on the basis of its connection with the event of Transfiguration of Christ as presented in the New Testament. This connection stated by hesychasts and recognized by Councils of Orthodox Church makes it possible to characterize hesychast experience as a special kind of contemplation unknown to Hellenic and other traditions of contemplative mysticism: it is not so much contemplation as communion, which represents here a specific modality of personal being, Personality discovered in Christian experience. I call this contemplation the “contemplation in the image and likeness of Transfiguration” and describe it briefly. Keywords: hesychasm, neoplatonism, communion, contemplation, personality, Transfiguration, Light of Tabor | 470 | |||||
| 68 | In this article the principles of the Armenian epos visualization in urban space are analyzed. The material for the analysis is the work of the Armenian sculptor, People’s Artist of USSR Ervand Kochar. The thesis of this article is: Armenian epos is always in the field of the collective consciousness of Armenians and is visualized in the “high” art always reflexively and on a deep level – according to the “laws” of the art. The main methodological premise of understanding the material became semiotics and discourse analysis. The analysis of empirical material showed that the Kochar’s sculpture, dedicated to the epic hero David of Sasun, is a strong marker of the Armenian epos in the urban space and is many times multiplexed in the Soviet and post-Soviet period. In the historical perspective, analysis of the sculpture in the context of the epic has been interpreted in different ways at diverse times, and the “fate” of the statue and the artist Kochar became a prominent “sign” indicating the realities of the Soviet period and the post-Soviet Armenia. Keywords: epic visualization, urban space, public space, collective memory, the Soviet and post-Soviet era, the epic, the Armenian epos, postfolklor, semiotic translation, interpretation of the epics, equestrian statue, sculpture | 469 | |||||
| 69 | Describing Pythagoras’ activities in Croton Iamblichus summarizes the content of his public speeches addressed to young men, to the Thousand who governed the city, as well as children and women of Croton. The earliest evidences about the Pythagoras’ speeches, available to us are found in an Athenian rhetorician and a pupil of Socrates Antisthenes (450–370 BCE), the historians Dicearchus and Timaeus, and Isocrates. In the present paper I consider the content of the Pythagoras’ speeches, preserved by Iamblichus, in more details, in order to suggest a new interpretation of the famous grave relief from the Antikensammlung, Berlin (Sk 1462). The relief, found in an “Olive grove on the road to Eleusis” and dated to the first century BCE, presents an image of a sitting half-naked bearded man with a young man, also half-naked, standing behind his chair, and a group of peoples consisting of a child, an older man and a woman, standing in front of him. Our attention attracts a big and clear image of the letter “Psi” above the scene. The comparison of the content of Pythagoras’ speeches with the picture given on the relief allows us to interpret the image as following: we suggest that the sitting man, undoubtedly a philosopher, could be a Pythagorean or Pythagoras himself; he is attended by his pupil and gives speeches to different groups of peoples, symbolically represented as a young man, a public agent, a woman and a child. Admittedly, the letter “Psi” symbolizes the Pythagorean teaching about psyche (the soul), and the relief itself, contrary to general opinion, was initially designed to adorn a school or a private building rather than a funeral monument. An alternative interpretation suggested is that the sitting figure could be a wandering physician. Keywords: the images of philosophers, Pythagoras, plastic art, schools in antiquity, Asclepius | 468 | |||||
| 70 | The article is devoted to the study of the functions of visual codes in verbal discourse. The problem of the codes of photography and cinema in the plot and the composition of the novel discusses on the basis of the modern Russian prose, the status of the visual in the narrative, the interaction of visual and verbal as a feature of the poetics of the modern Russian novel reveals. The use of the visual in the narrative of the novel is associated with the production of existential problems and serves to increase the semantic density of the plot, open in history. Update the language of literary text is due to the attraction of terms of photography and cinema, as metaphors of existence, these language elements begin to define the structure of the narrative. Keywords: visual code, fiction narrative, modern Russian prose, poetics, composition, photography, cinema | 467 | |||||
| 71 | The urban environment is organized on the basis of the functional relationships, meaning-ful linking buildings and structures into a a single whole. In it visual discourse markers are present – multifunctional elements, wich are deprive of denotation, but influence to the process of perception and understanding of the environment. Small architectural forms are considered as an example of discourse markers in the urban environment. Keywords: urban environment, small forms, visual discourse markers | 466 | |||||
| 72 | The main theme of the article is the notion of paradigmatic character of visual image for the topical and methodological self-consciousness of the visual culture studies. Among main questions under consideration are the following: what is a structural unity between material and meaningful aspects of visual representations? How is this unity connected to the ways the socially relevant visual representations circulate in contemporary culture? One of the key conclusions of the article: the notion of the specific iconic materiality – the structural interconnection of modes of seeing, understanding and presence, put into effect in some perceptive acts – is able to function as an explanatory model for a set of important processes in contemporary visual culture such as the current priority of visual forms of communication, historical durability of cultural imagery (despite instability and diversity of their visual embodiment), enhancement of the role of visual literacy and, as a consequence, necessity of the revision of current educational standard. Keywords: image, visual culture, iconic materiality, iconic rite | 461 | |||||
| 73 | The paper touches upon the issue of knowledge and information visualization, and the epistemological status of this process in terms of progressive development and application of smart technologies. The issue of visualization in general, and the visualization of knowledge in particular, is a controversial question. Due to this reason, there exist a number of approaches to the understanding of visualization mechanisms. However, with all the variety of approaches, their similarity is found in the sense that visualization of knowledge is the subjective need of a person to clarify the content of knowledge and make it meaningful for him/her and others. To visualize knowledge means “to know”, “to recognize”, “to decipher” what it is filled with. Without such a component, cognition or knowledge (as a result of knowledge) does not exist. However, under the conditions of active use of smart technologies, a person faces an ever-increasing amount of information and the improvement of methods for its processing, storage and distribution. There is a need to clarify the issue of the similarity or difference of the nature of visualization of knowledge and information. This problem can be solved by the identification of the nature and characteristics of information and knowledge. During the course of the research, a number of philosophical and scientific concepts are considered. The appeal to the philosophical concepts of Plato and Aristotle allows drawing an analogy regarding the nature of information and knowledge through the diversification of differences in the nature of the world of ideas (eidos) and the world of things. It is stated that the resulting model comes across paradoxical consequences, which consist in the fact that information and knowledge are of different nature: objective and subjective, one of which loses its essence in the attempt to connect them with each other. It turns out that interaction is possible only when the nature of one of the phenomena is transformed into the nature of the other, and this does not allow modeling the process of interaction between knowledge and information in a clear form. A parallel is drawn with modern scientific approaches in the field of natural sciences and computer science (Heisenberg, Shannon, Wiener), which come to similar results in studying the nature of information and knowledge, which see the information basis (model) of the world, similar to the Platonic world of ideas, in mathematical programs. It turns out that knowledge has a subjective nature, a person forms knowledge, and visualization is a natural form and stage of the process of cognition. Information has an objective nature, therefore, acts as an appropriate basis of our world. Visualization in this regard is not a natural form of the functioning of information, in contrast to knowledge, because it exists independently of a person. It becomes possible to visualize information only when it is transformed into knowledge and changes its nature. Smart technologies present the process of inverse knowledge, during the course of which the subject as a source of knowledge forms intentions of the external world in relation to its meanings. Smart technologies, whose main function is that their developers are assigned the function of the subject, direct the cognitive process in the opposite direction: from the subject to the external world, trying to transform knowledge into information (the most vivid example of such a transformation is artificial intelligence). In this case, visualization does not play such a significant role as in knowledge. Keywords: visualization, knowledge, information, epistemology, idea, thing, smart technologies | 460 | |||||
| 74 | The article is devoted to investigation of literary work as a summary of different outlooks or positions of an author: modifications of outlooks (material and psychological) and focusing, consideration’s focus on object or on a complex of objects. The article deals with correlation between position’s modifications in a literary work and direction of reader’s consideration. In order to identify and to distinguish different types of such kind of modifications the article proposes the typology of position’s modification. The proposed typology differs with parallel speculations developed within narratology on it’s greater differentiation of the main types of modifications and, therefore, more detail analysis of a literary work. The analysis results are presented in the form of a two-level scheme demonstrating sequentially changing of viewpoint and focus. Keywords: position, viewpoint, narratology, consideration’s directionality, counterpoint, focalization | 459 | |||||
| 75 | The analysis of Maslenitsa (Shrovetide) rites and festivities, the identification of the celebration mythologema through folklore, and its time connection with Easter do not support the common belief that Maslenitsa is an absolutely pagan heritage. Despite the fact that Maslenitsa traditions trace back to the all-European past, there are obvious reasons to reveal deep Christian symbols in this celebration that are seen through different verbal, visual and dramatic patterns. In the conditions of the recurring Christianization (churching) of Russia and the search for fundamental basis for the development of modern social and cultural practices the conceptual analysis of Maslenitsa and other traditional celebrations can give effective tools for identity construction. Keywords: Shrovetide, Maslenitsa, Christian symbols, dual faith, traditional culture, rite, Easter, Maslenitsa festivities | 459 | |||||
| 76 | The article covers certain specific aspects of modern cinema that are developing in accordance with certain tendencies. We are in the presence of children’s and youth’s cinema rebirth engaging the mechanisms of spiritual and moral values. Powerful metaphysical basis in cinema leads to a change of visual space and time as well as to the forming of parable genre specifics. Modern cinema refers to the Soviet cinema therefore the heroic basis and the reference to history are increased. Keywords: children’s and youth’s cinema, semiotics of hero, new type of hero, metaphysics, parable, historical context, heroism | 459 | |||||
| 77 | The article examines the role of religious worship in the formation of sacral topography of Orthodox city, using example of the Eastern Christian tradition. It discusses the features of the space of the Orthodox Church and the sacralization of space outside of the temple, as well as the impact of these features on the town-planning tradition on the example of the Byzantine Empire and Russia. It also identifies specifics of Eastern Christian town-planning traditions associated with understanding the city as a place of the divine presence, with a single sacred centre, sanctifying and forming the surrounding space. This article analyzes the features of formation of the sacral centre of the city in the Byzantine Empire and Russia, as well as forms and methods of the consecration of the urban space. Additionally, the article investigates the fate of Orthodox urban planning traditions and the specificity of its perception in Russia of the 18th – 20th centuries, and in the Siberian region on the example of Tomsk. Keywords: Orthodoxy, sacred space, architectural tradition, city, sacred topography, Byzantium, Russia, Siberia, Tomsk | 459 | |||||
| 78 | The paper deals with the problems of bringing sense into political communication that is performed in semiotic understandable language of monumental sculpture. The core of such a communication is to construct the semantic world that acquired a linguistic form of heroic political myth in our political culture. But J. Derrida’s method allows us to confirm that during the institutionalization of visual images the deconstruction of Russia as a sign takes place. In the paper some examples of this kind of “game” of political symbolics are given. In general, there are two main visual forms of monumental designation of Russia: these are the heroic symbolization of political power and the implementation of “national unity idea”. Both forms demonstrate the deconstruction of the sign “Russia” in text and in context sense. As a consequence visual phenomena have lost namely the communicative properties Keywords: deconstruction, visual political communication, language of monumental sculpture, semantic world, difference, text, context, sign, Russia. | 454 | |||||
| 79 | In this article, I formulate the tasks of multidisciplinary research of “optical” aspects of culture. I argue the thesis that the solution of problem the systematic explication of the ontological meaning and existential status of the visual and semiotic aspects of culture as a communicative environment is needed in our time. This decision can become a conceptual basis for an approach of humanities to relevant theoretical descriptions of human. Such description is available in a new philosophical anthropology, which is based on the communicative definition of human being. Definition of the place, role and forms of visual semiotic activities in the cultural communicative structure of human existence – this is the first task of contemporary anthropological research. The importance of this task is determined by the prospect of productive convergence of semiotics and ontology in the field of anthropological knowledge. This convergence should become a methodological platform for theoretical foundation of human existence as a cultural communicative praxis. Keywords: anthropology, ontology, human existence, the visual aspects of culture, communication, practice | 454 | |||||
| 80 | The study presents the main concepts of Parajanov’s cinematic poetics, which is deeply bound with the filmmaker’s Weltanschauung: a mixture of ancient, medieval and modern civilizational models, of Oriental and Western, Christian, Islamic and pagan patterns of behaviour, of mythic-archaic, soviet and postmodern anthropological models, that melt together in harmony only in the unique topos of Transcaucasia. Keywords: immersion into myth, language of stage convention, Byzantine man, the invisible war, postmodernism, cinegenic arche-types, sacred in motion, cinematic archeography | 452 | |||||
| 81 | This paper studies the iconicity of Gothic cathedrals using the hierotopic methodology developed by Alexei Lidov. The genesis of early Gothic church architecture is viewed as a newly emergent type of a sacred space, distinct from that of the preceding Romanesque period. Hierotopy analyzes the creation of sacred spaces in terms of “image-paradigms”, or guiding imagevisions, which both give form to the sacral ensemble as a whole and encapsulate its central meaning. The image-paradigm of Heavenly Jerusalem, as often associated with medieval cathedrals, occupies the central focus of the paper. I examine three principal sources of influence at work in the Gothic re-vision of this paradigmatic iconic image: the development of an urban way of life, the emerging notion of historical progress and the onset of secularization. I argue that the renewed architectural icon of the Holy City epitomized both the external features and the very spirit of the medieval city. Its rhythmic linear structure embodied the march of historical time (which continued to be viewed as sacred history and a way to salvation), and its composite make-up gave shape to the urban motto, “unity in diversity”, a de-facto foundational principle of Western civilization. By focusing in particular on the Gothic hierotopic project of the Saint-Denis cathedral, I discuss the motivations of those championing the new architectural style, and, more broadly, I compare Byzantine and Western visions of iconicity in order to bring to light characteristic features of the Gothic aesthetic. Keywords: Gothic architecture, Heavenly Jerusalem, hierotopy, iconicity, image-paradigm | 450 | |||||
| 82 | The article is devoted to the history, content, and problems of actualization in modern culture rite of foot washing on Holy Thursday. Ritual plays gospel events of the Last Supper and is reborn in the liturgical practice of the Russian Orthodox Church at present. The article discusses the origin and history of the rite, as well as the specificity of its occurrence in the Jerusalem Church and in Russia. Analyzes the characteristics of the translation of spiritual values through the spatial icons in connection with the specific culture of the spoken word. Discusses the problems of actualization of spatial icons in cultures with extraordinary role of written discourse in connection with gradual increase of the detachment of parties from the meaning of the rite and its desacralization. It is concluded that spatial updating icons in modern conditions requires overcoming of man’s alienation from cultural phenomena, its status as a consumer of information, the transition from passive reception to active experience. Keywords: rite of Foot washing, Orthodoxy, worship, spatial icon, the culture of spoken word, literary, written discourse, word, image. | 449 | |||||
| 83 | We continue to consider a cinema of Italy in optics of gender researches. In this case standard cliches of “ideal” metaphors of the female are analyzed. Among them: subject of loneliness and victim, images of the seductive star and pure maiden, melancholy for beautiful mother and female courage. It is obvious that the format of article doesn’t allow even to list all considerable movies from the Italian cinema tradition. We dared to stop in several pictures in which a peculiar portrait gallery is presented, from our point of view, representatively. Keywords: cinema history, Italian cinema, gender researches, standard cliches, metaphors of the female | 447 | |||||
| 84 | The article examines the effect of the victory in WWII on the status of the Stalinist regime and on the representations of power in Soviet war films. Already in the last stages of the war (e.g., Fridrikh Ermler’s The Great Turning Point) the experiences at the frontline and on the home front were being transformed into a narrative of Victory, which started to replace the Revolution as the focal point of the myth of creation of the Soviet nation; the creation of a “useful past” was initiated. These moves were then fixed in a range of socalled “feature documentaries” that were supposed to recreate on the big screen the history of victorious “Stalinist blows”: Igor Savchenko’s The Third Blow, Vladimir Petrov’s Battle of Stalingrad, Mikhail Chiaureli’s The Fall of Berlin. These films had a particular kind of poetics and were very different from the pre-war Staliniana, giving a visual form to the transformed myth where Stalin was no longer just Lenin’s confidant, best pupil and heir, but where he was the only saviour of the country and the winner in the great war. Keywords: late stalinism, soviet cinema, Great Patriotic War, representation of power, Fridrikh Ermler, Vladimir Petrov, Mikhail Chiaureli | 445 | |||||
| 85 | The article discusses a number of connected concepts including “practical skill”, “movement skill”, “metis”, “techniques of the body”, and “kinesthetic intelligence”. They share in common the representation of knowledge as often a non-verbal process, by half and large unconscious, based on muscular sensations as much as on brain and consciousness. The feature that they have in common can be termed “bodily knowledge”, an epistemological alternative to techne, or codified practical knowledge formalized in rules and instructions. Muscular feeling, or kinesthesia is at the foundation of bodily knowledge. I.M. Sechenov called it “dark”, or “opaque”, feeling on the grounds that this kind of sensations are rarely verbalized and reflected upon. Yet, inner sensation of the kind cannot be completely opposed to thinking. Using the poet and writer, Varlam Shalamov’s words, one may call them “sage skill”, a particular kind of knowing. Below there is a discussion of various meaning of the expression, “bodily knowledge”. Keywords: skill, movement skill, metis, techne, techniques of the body, kinesthetic intelligence | 445 | |||||
| 86 | The article analyzes the interpretation of Sacred history to the rite of Play of Daniel performed in the Russian Orthodox Church in XVI–XVII centuries, examines the origin and content of the liturgical rite, the problem of the boundaries of the sacred and the secular in the Play of Daniel event, the problem of interpretation of the Trinitarian dogma, the particular interpretation of the events of Sacred history. It is concluded that the installation on the existential experience of the Sacred history has led to the mobility of the boundaries of the sacred and the secular in the Play of Daniel action that constituted a special view on Trinitarian doctrine and a special relationship to the events of Sacred history that is relevant to believers not only in Liturgy, but in everyday life. From the 2nd half of the XVII century there was a gradual desacralization of ritual in connection with the General trends of secularization and secularism that leads to the transformation of liturgical rite into a liturgical drama. However, the interpretation of Sacred history relevant to the present day continues to exist within the culture of the Old Believers. Keywords: the Play of Daniel, Orthodoxy, Trinitarian dogma, spatial icon, sacred, secular, secularization, desacralization | 444 | |||||
| 87 | The concept of “landscape” initially develops in geography, it reflects the physical space. Geographical descriptions clearly distinguish mountain peaks, ridges, marshes and plains, but neither the space nor the time of the landscape can be understood separately from social practices. In Modern times, the idea of landscape is associated with the aesthetic experience of landscape painting. The wider poetic and dramatic meaning of the landscape is emphasized in romanticism. In environmental movements, ethical disputes about human responsibility are added to this topic. Globalization reveals the importance of landscape in shaping people’s identity. The effect of the landscape is compared with the influence of ideology. Artifacts are represented by things, surrounded by words and visual events, they form the thingness, symbolic and figurative layers of the landscape. Palimpsest is a phenomenon in the history of writing, when new layers were written on top of the former. The urban landscape is a space of practices in which various artifacts play the roles of media, they give the products of activity an objective form, set the canvas of public space. Keywords: artifact, cultural geography, landscape, mediation, technologies of objectification, gesture, symbol, image, media | 444 | |||||
| 88 | The paper discusses the role and functions of visual thinking within the context of modern education in physics and mathematics. Visual thinking is an intrinsic part of the thinking process of the work of specialists in the fields of exact and natural sciences. In connection with this, with the increase of environment visualization in the learning, professional and personal human activities, and with the growth of information flows and their impact on people, the modern role and possibilities of semiotic resources of mathematics and physics become of considerable relevance. The paper delineates the prospects of visual modeling with the help of mathematical and physical models, and of mental experiment in developing images, reflecting on them and subsequent operating them. On the basis of the analysis of Russian and foreign literature and arguments developed by the author, the paper substantiates the necessity of the development and extension of the theory of the semiotic component of education and its implementation. Semiotics expands the meaning of both theoretical and practical parts of mathematical and natural science education. The paper focuses on the analysis of the development of new approaches to the implementation of the semiotic component of modern education in teaching schoolchildren and in training teachers of mathematical and physical specializations. In teaching schoolchildren, the component is to be implemented by means of their inclusion into educational practices based on real situations appearing in professional activity of specialists working directly in the fields of mathematics, physics and in the spheres of their application. The approach to teachers’ training is based on visualizing their future professional activities in practical resolving problems within selected training situations. In connection with this, the author identified and substantiated the priority directions of the development of the semiotic component in physical and mathematical education. Dwelling on the concepts of visual thinking and on the provided grounding of the necessity of visual modeling in teaching schoolchildren and the relevant teachers’ training, the author identified and considered two basic processes in becoming a teacher (which are also the teacher’s professional activity functions): interiorization and modeling. The paper presents a variant of systematization of the semiotic component of the future physics and mathematics teachers’ competencies in their professional activities. The development of this semiotic component concerns such elements of competencies as knowledge, skills, values and attitudes, prevailing ways of performance. Mastering the competence of educational-professional information visualization by future teachers is to facilitate the increase of the quality of their training, to ensure their ability to perform educational activities in actualized regional practices, including innovative ones, and to design effective learning activities of their students in the visual space. Keywords: visual thinking, semiotic resources, semiotic component of the teacher’s competency, teaching physics and mathematics, modeling, mental experiment | 439 | |||||
| 89 | The article describes the typical features of modern popular culture: the dominance of the hyper-real object, simulation, replication, visual representation. Some of the most common critical judgments about the nature and functions of popular culture are analyzed. It is shown that production of simulacra and of hyper-real objects can be connected with the ways of production of popular forms of social and cultural existence rather than with the implementation of escapist attitudes and replacing of reality with its counterfeits. Therefore, it should be assumed that hyper-real objects do not deny the reality as such, but only its forms that have lost their efficiency, cultural significance and value in the eyes of the community or its individual groups. It is shown that the foundation and the source of the typical features of popular culture should be connected with the demand and wish for visual ization. It is argued that it is not due to the primitiveness of the consumer or an escape to the world of illusions, but to the need for the desired fullness of feeling and suitable models of understanding the world, as well as schemes for organizing and managing one’s actions. In these terms, replication should be interpreted as a way of establishing and maintaining stability, balance, completeness of theclaimed cultural and social space. Keywords: popular culture, mass culture, simulacrum, hyper-reality, replication, visual representation | 438 | |||||
| 90 | Urban morphology of the city center is considered as an integral phenomenon. Their topology localization, structure and semantics of own text is represented in the observers reflection. I attempt to reveal the essence of the integrity as characteristics of a system in architectural context and show the types of its manifestation in the various examples. The article describes а syntax of urban morphology and its influence on the perception of centrality. Keywords: integrity, city center, urban morphology, perception, urban environment | 435 | |||||
| 91 | The article examines the role of religious worship in the formation of sacral topography of the Catholic city. The leading role of religious worship in the traditional religious consciousness is typical for both Eastern and Western Christianity in the Middle Ages. In the Middle Ages the topography of city was influenced by the space of religious worship.The article discusses the features of conception of the sacred in the Western Christian tradition, the specifics of the temple space, as well as the impact of these features on the urban tradition on the example of Medieval Europe. The analysis of the semiotic meaning of the cross shows that Western Christianity is characterized by an understanding of the sacred from the position of an external observer, while Eastern Christianity is characterized by existential experience of the sacred. Therefore, in Western Christianity not only Sacred is essential, but also its interpretation by man. This is due, for example, the use of sculpture in worship. The author reveals the features of the Western Christian urban planning tradition associated with the specifics of understanding the sacred and the peculiarities of the interaction between the sacred and the human in the urban space. Among these features is a specific and contradictory understanding of the city by medieval authors. The city is understood as an image of Heavenly Jerusalem, and as a place of sin and the fruit of human pride.Author analizes the features of the formation of center of medieval city on the example of Wrocław (Poland). A feature of many medieval cities is the gradual formation of two centers – the spiritual and secular, associated with the human component of urban life (town hall). The author studies the fate of the Catholic urban planning tradition and the specificity of its perception in modern Europe on the example of Wrocław. It is concluded that the specificity of the understanding of the sacred in Western Christianity generates spiritual problems in society associated with secularization, but at the same time provides stability and continuity of urban tradition. Keywords: Catholicism, religious cult, sacred space, town-planning tradition, city, Romanesque style, Gothic, Medieval city, Poland, Wroclaw | 435 | |||||
| 92 | The article contains a number of problems concerning the history of the Moscow international film festival and the current situation associated with the expansion of the semantic field of contestant films. In the process of gathering statistic data on the program of the festival for 40 years I reveal the organizational and ideological aspects of changing the principles of selecting competitive films. Also I take into account the fact of participation in the program of famous directors and films. Besides I show how many times and which countries received the main prize, as well as which films left a noticeable mark in the history of cinema were shown at the Moscow film festival at different times. The article fully analyzes the specifics of the style and semantic component of the films shown at the last anniversary Moscow film festival. Result of analysis of contestant films reveals the stylistic and semantic trends that characterize the situation in modern cinema. It is found out that accentuation of patriotic feeling actualizes military theme, which connected with instability of social and spiritual situation in the world. Today there is a trend associated with the deepening of realistic tendencies in cinema. Cinema is often refers to classics, as well as to modern reality and is not afraid of experimenting. Keywords: the film festival, the competition program, modern film process, the theme of war in cinema, emotional empathy, moral message, desacralisation, the screen interpretation of classical literature | 435 | |||||
| 93 | The academic discipline “Methodological bases of visual anthropology” is taught in the Philosophy faculty of the Tomsk State University for master’s degree students in the direction of “sociology” from 2012. Master students acquire the skill of system theoretical explication of anthropological meanings contained in the photographic image, as part of the study of this discipline. They demonstrate their competence in this area in the respective thematic essays devoted to the conceptual interpretation of photo selected by them. Here are some work of master student in sociology, devoted to the analysis of the photographic image from the perspective of visual anthropology. Keywords: photography, visual anthropology, analysis of images | 431 | |||||
| 94 | The article focuses on questions of orientation in the contemporary city environment. The current paper analyses scientific approaches of landmarks design, dominant forms and emphasis. The article describes the influence of ideological concepts on the creation process of focus places in the city environment. Landmarks are interpreted as considerable components of the urban communicative structure. Contemporary variations of the urban space perception are noted. Basic scientific models of the perception process are analyzed. A city considers as the text in this article. The landmark is correlated with afterimage of the environment which remains in our memory. The author points out that architectural objects are losing the role of unconditioned city landmarks. There were given examples of unarchitectural landmarks in the city environment. Terms “the dendrologycal landmark” and “the superlandmark” are introduced. The modern interpretation of a landmark as a commercial order is revealed. The article describes the possibility of the emergence of coloured landmarks in a city. The necessity of the reciprocal action and the reciprocal influence of color and plastic in the landmark generating is emphasized in the article. Special attention is paid to the role of landmarks in the process of the city scale formation. Design of night landmarks as the alternative to daily landmarks with the help of the art lighting is discussed. The distinction between the speciality of passenger perception and pedestrian perception is emphasized in the article. The article describes peculiarities of the formation and perception of transport hubs in a city. The paper also deals with orientation problems of handicapped people in the city. The analysis allowed us to identify the main factors which influence the landmark generating in the contemporary city. Keywords: specialities of perception, landmark, architectural environment, architectural composition, dominant form, emphasis | 431 | |||||
| 95 | From the bioethics point of view, the implementation of a matching model and a match model for management under the conditions of goal competition in “markets without money” (Alvin Roth) is discussed. These conditions actualize the development of semiotic tools for management. The circumstances under which the creation of semiotic management is both wisdom, not embodied in methodological procedures, and craft, understood as a technology for replicating mastery, are clarified. A form combining wisdom and craft for semiotic diagnostics of social innovations is suggested. This form is referred to by the authors as projective consulting. The qualification of the proposed consulting as “projective” is an appeal to the fundamentals of projective geometry. The requirements of these fundamentals lead to a discussion of the axes which set the space of goal symbolizing. A modification of the Lotka-Volterra model receives the interpretation of a match between the competing symbolizations of goals, and allows to set an “axis of syntactics” to fix the pace of the code conversion of goals. Keywords: bioethics, matching, Lotka-Volterra model modification, projective consulting, “axis of syntactics” | 431 | |||||
| 96 | In this article the current situation and future possibilities of a modern Italian cinema are considered. In the term of “modern” we understand the relatively short period from 90th of the XX century till present days. Chronological coordinates are fixed, and we can talk about tendencies of revival of the Italian cinema as an art and as a communicative system which has its own canon and lexicon. The semiotic polyphony of visual imprints of events, persons, objects, and words can be profaned and facilitated taking into account the modern “mass consumer”. Therefore, we are talking about cinema in terms of loss, cheapness of the plan. We think that today we have a case of cinema directors successful works in which semiotics saturation of a cinema language allows speak about them in a high art category. The accent is emphasized on actual thematic preferences of a modern Italian cinema in this article. In each theme we illustrate almost each example of the last decade of the XX century and the beginning of XXI century. In our opinion, now the cinema directors tries to come into contact with the audience, counting on cultural unity with public, mutual knowledge of cultural codes, language of metaphors, symbols, and hints. Considering the major thematic directions of a modern Italian cinema, we can talk about two general tendencies, quite characteristic in general for the world cinematographic. First, it’s an attempt to save all considerable and talented issues that was already accumulated. Secondly, it’s an attempt to show that there are themes that request new approaches and a great courage from the art directors. Keywords: semiotics of cinema, cultural contexts, Italian cinema, history of cinema, language of cinema, Christian Metz, Yury Lotman | 430 | |||||
| 97 | The article discusses the ways of visual transfer of Jerusalem and the Holy Land cultural realities on the Russian Christian culture. The specificity of this culture maximally expressed in the temple action. The relationship of the liturgical time with a real topography of the Holy Land as the place of the events described in the Gospel is investigated in this article. It demonstrates the meaning of the liturgical action as a pilgrimage to the holy places of Jerusalem and the surrounding area. The meaning is expressed in the semantic connection of historical events, its Palestinian localization and the liturgical “reproduction”. A temple area’s Palestinian “marking”, which is complemented by the iconic (sacral-visual) line is noted. When the liturgical tradition based on the Palestinian topic is transfered, reverse movement arises, i.e. the liturgically fixed topical markers are spread on space surrounding a temple. In consideration of the typological affinity name and image, the author draws attention to the iconic images as anagrams. He offers to define visual spatial complexes presented in such images-anagrams as “anatopy”. This images involve all semiotic features of anagrams, which indirectly marks a historical reality and its eschatological sense. Keywords: temple space, iconic image, anatopy | 429 | |||||
| 98 | The academic discipline “Methodological bases of visual anthropology” is taught in the Philosophy faculty of the Tomsk State University for master’s degree students in the direction of “sociology” from 2012. Master students acquire the skill of system theoretical explication of anthropological meanings contained in the photographic image, as part of the study of this discipline. They demonstrate their competence in this area in the respective thematic essays devoted to the conceptual interpretation of photo selected by them. Here are some work of master student in sociology, devoted to the analysis of the photographic image from the perspective of visual anthropology. Keywords: photography, visual anthropology, analysis of images | 429 | |||||
| 99 | The article is a collection of the author’s thoughts on some new ways of exploring the categories of time and space in the culture of archaic and traditional societies, with the reliance on semiotic and structuralist theories. The process of becoming aware of time is connected with the acquisition of speech which creates a syntagmatic chain out of consecutive elements of language. The characteristics of space reflect the unfolding and establishing of temporal relationships. No less important in this regard are paradigmatic relationships – it was a combination of paradigmatic and syntagmatic aspects that allowed primitive man to develop stable time units. During shamanic rituals, customary syntagmatic relationships are suppressed, thus the usual course of time is interrupted and its measure is changed. The spacial expression of this consists in the formation of alternative worlds. The author concludes that shaman’s altered states of consciousness are result from the altered connection between paradigmatic and syntagmatic relationships in mental processes which, in turn, entails time and space being measured differently. Keywords: paradigmatics, syntagmatics, duration, discreteness, altered states of consciousness | 429 | |||||
| 100 | This paper reveals the ideas of diversification management, and analyzes the possibility of their implementation as a conceptual basis for the management of general education organizations. Evolutionary and globalization world processes determine one of the leading trends, which is reflected both in the labor market conditions and in the conditions of the educational services market, and is characterized by the diversification of the workforce and the diversification of consumer preferences. This trend, reflecting certain difficulties and advantages of the development of public relations, can be applied by heads of educational organizations to improve management effectiveness in the context of using the human potential of the subjects of the educational process and ensuring the competitiveness of the educational organization. Most often the studies on this issue discuss the categories of “diversity management”, “diversity management” and “diversification management”. Migration processes and inclusion processes actualize the search for new content, methods and technologies of the educational process within the framework of the federal state standards of general education, since there are various schools, including multinational groups of students, and, consequently, parents. This trend requires a search for managerial, social and pedagogical strategies for the successful development of the school and of education quality in the new conditions. Today, the skills of the head of a general education organization, related to the successful management of personnel of different age, gender, physical abilities, ethnicity and race, are more in demand than ever. These skills in school management are no less important for interaction with other subjects of the educational process: students and their parents. The quintessence of organizational behavior in a modern school is the management of the diversity of subjects of the educational process, which requires acceptance of individual and sociocultural characteristics, special attention to them, as well as manifestation of tolerance towards them. Today, heads of general education organizations are forced to seek not only ways to “coexist” for teachers and support staff, students and their parents of different religions, nationalities, age and sex, but also ways to manage effectively the “potential difference”. Implementation of this goal is facilitated by the concept of diversification management, which serves as a methodological basis for the search for effective management strategies in the current situation. The paper was prepared within the framework of the research “Formation and Development of the Pedagogical Metatheory of Diversity Management in Educational Systems”, state task of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation No. 27.2617.2017/4.6. Keywords: general education organization, diversification management, competitiveness of organization, heterogeneous pedagogical staff | 429 | |||||